Badger Atomic Bomb
The Race to Build the Atomic Bomb
Contra Costa County Office of Education
Competition
Germany and Japan both had WWII programs to build an atomic bomb. While German efforts are well documented in the Farm Hall transcripts, Japan's work and progress is still a closely guarded secret.

Had either of these two nations succeeded, the world would be a different place.

Germany and Japan

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Germany and Japan
 

 
Japan 1938 - Japan purchases a cyclotron from the University of California. At the end of the war, American service men find five cyclotrons. 1942 - Headed by Bunsaku Arakatsu, The Japanese Navy was diligently working to create its own atomic bomb, - "genzai bakudan" under a project that was dubbed F-Go [or No. F, for fission]. May, 1945: German submarine U-234 surrendered to US forces found to be carrying 560 kilograms of Uranium oxide destined for Japan's own atomic program. The oxide contained about 3.5 kilograms of the isotope U-235, which would have been about a fifth of the total U-235 needed to make one bomb. August 12, 1945 Japanese scientist Nishina tested an atomic bomb near a small island off the coast of Korea. Witnesses said it produced a mushroom shaped cloud a thousand yards wide. Several vessels in the test area were vaporized while others farther away burnt fiercely. At the end of the war, Russia captured the secret Japanese military installations in Konan, Korea. Research shows that a atomic research and development center was run by Japan.

Germany

September 16, 1939 - Germany Army Weapons Bureau (Heereswaffenamt) recruits German scientists for a wartime uranium project. Organizing scientists are Nazi party members.

September 26, 1939 - A second conference of the Germany Army Weapons Bureau meets to discuss Uranium fission. The Kaiser Wilhem Institute will now house Germany's secret military nuclear-fission project.

December 6, 1939: Heisenberg reports that enrichment of U235 is the only method of producing explosives "several orders of magnitude more powerful than the strongest explosives yet known." January 1940: The first ton of highly purified uranium oxide is delivered to the German Army Weapons office by the Auer Company. May 3, 1940: German troops in Norway seize control of the world's only heavy water production facility and step up production to supply the German fission program. September 1941: Heisenberg meets with Niels Bohr in Nazi-occupied Copenhagen and brings up nuclear fission research. February 26, 1942: At a conference in Berlin to Nazi Leaders, Heisenberg explains that a reactor could be used in submarines, U235 can be used to make a bomb and that a reactor could generate plutonium. June 4, 1942: A secret meeting with War Minister Speer and nuclear scientists including Heisenberg who describes atomic bombs as possible but not in the near future.

Resources

Germany

Books:
Bernstein, J. Hitler's Uranium Club: The Secret Recordings at Farm Hall. Copernicus Books, 2001
Powers, T. Heisenberg's War: The Secret History of the German Bomb. DaCapo Press, 2000
Frayn, M. Copenhagen Anchor Books, 2000

Web:
German Chronology - American Scientist
The Difficult Years: Fission Research 1939-1945
The Difficult Years: Farm Hall Transcripts August 6, 1945
The Critical Mass by Jonothan Logan describes Germany's efforts to build an atomic bomb.

Japan

Books:
Wilcox, R. Japan's Secret War: Japan's Race Against Time to Build Its Own Atomic Bomb. Marlowe & Co, 1995
Hanson, B. Closely Guarded Secrets:: The Assassination of F.D.R., Japan's Atomic Bomb, the Massacre at Port Chicago. Xlibris Corporation, 2000

Web:
Viking Phoenix Web Page: Japan's Atomic Bomb (Bibliography)
Nuclear Weapons Program - Japan